Cranberry - Health Benefits and Side Effects

Botanical Name of Cranberry: Vaccinium macrocarpon.

Other Common Names:
American cranberry, bog cranberry, atoca, bearberry, bounceberry, craneberry.

Habitat:
Cranberry can be found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, especially in cooler regions.

Description:
The cranberry is a perennial shrub from the family of Ericacea. Other members of this family are the blueberry, the salmonberry, and the smaller European cousin of the cranberry with similar taste, the lingonberry.

The one to four inches high shrubs have sprawling vines that can grow very long. The evergreen leaves are positioned alternately. The leaves develop from a light green and maroon color when young into a shiny dark green. The light pink flowers appear early in mid-summer in clusters of four or five. The plant prefers full sun or light shade and can grow in well-drained as well as in constantly moist soil. They can withstand extreme cold.

Plant Parts Used:
The berries.

The Cranberry Plant
(Vaccinium macrocarpon)
(Click on image to enlarge)
Attribution: Photo by Keith Weller
- A coastal Washington cranberry bog.

Cranberry Extract, Capsules & Powder

Cranberry Concentrate (400 mg) by Vitabase Cranberry Juice Standardized Extract by Starwest Botanicals

Therapeutic Uses, Benefits and Claims of Cranberry

• The tart, red berries are used in a variety of foods products and beverages and dietary supplements are available in the form of teas and extracts formulated into capsules or tablets. Beverages range from 100% unsweetened cranberry juice to cocktails with high sugar and low cranberry juice content.
• Cranberries contain many phytochemicals that are biologically active like proanthocyanidins, quinic acid, hippuric acid, tannins, Vitamin C, pterostilbene, and other antioxidants.

The Herb Cranberry
(Vaccinium macrocarpon)
Britton & Brown Illustrated Flora
- 2nd Edition (1913)
• Traditionally, cranberry products have been used to prevent and treat urinary tract infections (UTI). Though in the past many not well controlled and too small studies have been done to investigate the ability of cranberry juice to prevent UTIs gave inconclusive results, there is more and more data accumulating that cranberries can indeed be beneficial in the prevention of UTIs.
  
  The mechanism is not fully understood but many in vitro tests (test in the test tube) have shown that the proanthocyanidins contained in cranberries can inhibit the bacterium E. coli, which is responsible for 70-80% for all UTIs from adhering to the cells that line the bladder. This adhesion of the bacteria is a necessary first step before they are able to establish an infection.
  
  Two other compounds found in cranberries, quinic acid, and hippuric acid, might also help in the prevention of UTIs. These substances are weak acids that unlike other organic acids are not degraded in the body, but secreted intact by the kidneys. They therefore make the urine slightly acidic, which can help keeping bacteria from growing in the urinary tract. However, no study to date has shown that drinking cranberry juice can treat an established bladder infection.
  
  Since untreated bladder infection can lead to a more serious kidney infection, a doctor should be consulted if symptoms like frequent and painful urinating and urgency are observed.
• The ph-lowering effects on the urine of hippuric and quinic acid might also be the mechanism by which drinking cranberry juice can prevent kidney stones. Most kidney stones form from calcium oxalate and other weakly soluble calcium salts. In weak acids these compounds are soluble and can be flushed out of the kidneys before they can precipitate to form kidney stones.
• The antioxidants contained in cranberries can delay aging and though no conclusive studies in humans have been done so far to establish cancer preventing effects of cranberries, it has been shown that antioxidants in general can prevent certain cancers. Additionally, experiments with cranberry extracts in tissue culture provide evidence that the antioxidants and proanthocyanidins can reduce cancer growth.
• Cranberry extracts have antibacterial activity that can be beneficial for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections, a bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers and plague.
• Cranberry has been used as an herbal remedy for high cholesterol. The tannins in cranberries prevent the oxidation of cholesterol, an effect that can lower the levels of bad cholesterol in the blood and promote heart health. The anti-inflammatory effects of tannins can be of additional benefit for the natural prevention of atherosclerosis.
• Eating diets rich in cranberries and other fruit has also been shown to be good for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration, a condition that can cause vision loss in the elderly.

Dosage and Administration:

Most studies that showed medical benefits of cranberries had subject drink 2 cups of unsweetened cranberry juice per day.

Potential Side Effects of Cranberry

Eating cranberries and drinking cranberry juice is generally considered safe and without the risk of major side effects. However, cranberries have a laxative effect and excessive ingestion can cause diarrhea.

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